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Carotenoids, a family of natural pigments, form an important part of the colorful signals used by many animals. Animals acquire carotenoids either directly (from the plants and algae that produce

them) or indirectly (by eating insects) and store them in a variety of tissues. Studies of several animal

species have shown that when choosing mates, females prefer males with brighter carotenoid-based coloration. Owens and Olson hypothesize that the presence of carotenoids, as signaled by coloration,

would be meaningful in the context of mate selection if carotenoids were either rare or required for health. The conventional view is that carotenoids

are meaningful because they are rare: healthier males can forage for more of the pigments than

can their inferior counterparts. Although this may be true, there is growing evidence that carotenoids are meaningful also because they are required: they are used by the immune system and for detoxification processes that are important for maintaining health. It may be that males can use scarce carotenoids either for immune defense and detoxification or for attracting females. Males that are more susceptible

to disease and parasites will have to use their

carotenoids to boost their immune systems, whereas males that are genetically resistant will use fewer

carotenoids for fighting disease and will advertise

this by using the pigments for flashy display instead.

According to the “conventional view” referred to in line 13 of the passage, brighter carotenoid-based coloration in certain species suggests that an individual

A. lives in a habitat rich in carotenoid-bearing plants and insects

B. has efficient detoxification processes

C. has a superior immune system

D. possesses superior foraging capacity

E. is currently capable of reproducing

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Supporting I

dea According to the passage, the conventional view is that carotenoids in a male animal— recognizable by brighter coloration—are meaningful in the context of mate selection because they are rare and not easily acquired. A male that displays brighter coloration than other males would appear to a female of the species to have foraged more effectively and would therefore seem healthier, and more eligible as a mate, than some less brightly colored males. A. Male animals in a carotenoid-rich environment might, on average, have brighter coloration, but the passage does not imply that this is part of the conventional view. The passage represents the conventional view as emphasizing the rarity of carotenoids, and the consequent difficulty of finding them. B. The conventional view holds that a brightly colored male might appear healthier than less brightly colored males to a female of the species. If the male were healthier, this would presumably require having efficient detoxification processes. But the passage does not treat this as part of the conventional view. C. If a male animal is healthier than other males of the species, presumably that male has a superior immune system, but the passage does not represent this as part of the conventional view. D. Correct. The passage represents the conventional view as holding that more brightly colored males seem to females to be more effective foragers, and therefore healthier. E. The passage does not represent the conventional view as holding that brighter coloration in a male animal would be taken by a female of the species as indicating a current ability to reproduce. The correct answer is D.